SAUDI ARAMCO STANDARD FOR PIPING QC..

QA-QUALITY ASSURANCE- Is the planning and organizing of system program to maintain a required level of quantity or reliability. This includes auditing the systems in operation and related controls to assure that they are being executed properly and functioning as expected.

QC - QUALITY CONTROL- Is a part of quality assurance   implements the letters by examining the physical characteristics and comparing them to established and acceptable quality and documents as stated in quality assurance program or plan.

ITP   - Inspection Test Plan mean the document sequences for quality activities in process,highlights the applicable quality and inspection criticality.

S -Surveillance:  QA/QC organization to monitor work in progress without notice of construction      organization.

W-Witness point:    QA/QC organization shall be notified   with the timing inspection in advance, however the inspection or test shall be performed as schedule if the QA/QC representative is not present.

H- Hold point:  QA/QC organization shall be notified of the timing of inspection on test in advance, inspectiontest shall not be carried out ,without the QA/QC organization representative in advance.

NCR- in case of violation of quality document by the contractor  NCR will be issued. The fulfillment or the required  corrective action will be mandatory by the contractor.

R- Review:  

* Documents review    =   Review

* Material receiving     =   Witness/Surveillance

* Installation and Testing     =Hold  Point

UNDER GROUND PIPING/PLUMBING

SAES-S-010 -Sanitary Sewers

SAES S 020  -Industrial Drainage and Sewers

SAES S  030-Storm Water Drainage System

SAES S  040-Water system

SAES S 050  - Sprinklers and Standpipe Systems in Buildings

SAES S 060 – Plumbing Code

SAES S 070 –Utility PipingSystem

SAES A 004  -General Requirements  for Pressure Testing

SAES B  017  -Fire Water System Design

SAES A  104-   Wastewater Treatments for Pressure Testing

SAES L 610  -Non Metallic Piping

SAES L 460 -    Pipe Line Crossing Under Road

SAES L 350  - Construction of Plant Piping

SAES L 1024  -Installation Piping Handing & Storage

SAES A 114  -Excavation and Backfill

SAES A  104- Wastewater Treatments for Pressure Testing

SAES L 1034  -RTR (fiber Glass) Pressure Pipe and Fittings

SAES L 1029 - RTR (fiber glass) Sewer Pipe and Fittings for Gravity Flow

SAES S 002   - Support Plastic Piping

SAES L 0012 - Non Sleeve Road Crossing for Pipelines

SAES L 0036 -Sleeve Crossing for Restrained Pipelines

SAES X400  -CathodicProtection of Buried Pipelines

SAES X 500 - CathodicProtection of Vessel and Tank internals

SAES X 600  -Cathodic Protection of Plant Facilities 

SAES S 1004 - Concrete thrust blocks, details of utility pipe

SAIC  S 4054-  RTR & Thermoplastic Pipe Installer Qualification

SAIC S 4055-  RTR and Thermoplastic Piping Receiving (Pressure and Sewer pipe)

SAIC S 4056– RTR and Thermoplastic Piping Handling, Storage  and Preservation

SAIC S 4057-  Assembly of Plastic (PVC,UPVC, CPVC and HDPE Piping

SAIC S 4058-  Assembly and Laying of RTR piping

GRP- Is the resistant corrosive effect of mixture with low concentration of acids,
 nearly neutral salts, solvents and  acoustic  substances, under both internal and
 external pressure.

GRE-Glassfiber Reinforced Epoxy

GRP-Glassfiber Reinforced Plastic

RTRP-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe ASTM D4024 reinforced without aggregate

RMRP  Reinforced Mortar Resin Pipe= a fiber glass w/ aggregate

HDPE- High Density Poly Ethylene Pipe

PVC-Poly Vinyl Chloride ASTM D1785

CPVC-ChlorinatedPoly Vinyl Chloride

DWV - Drain Waste and Vent

Typesof RTR/GREJoint.

1.Adhesive  Bondedjoint  and( EPOXY FIELD LAMINATION FOR BUILD UP)

2.Flange joint

3. Rubber Seal   joint

4. Butt / Lamination joint

5. Mechanical Coupler

A)   UNRESTRAINED JOINTS

1.   Gasketed Bell and Spigot

2.   Gasketed Bell and Bell Coupling for use for spigot End pipe

B)   RESTRAINED JOINTS

1.   Bell spigot ,Adhesive Bonded

2.   Butt and wrap w/ Reinforced Overlays

3.   Mechanical Joint Flange and Restrained GasketedJts.

THESE TYPES OF ADHESIVE BONDED

1.   Tapered Bell and Spigot

2.   Straight Bell and Spigot

3.   Tapered bell and Straight Spigot

7.9 Adhesive and Solvent Cleaner  Shall be store at 38 C not less than 9 months from shipment.

LEGEND

PL- Plain End

CS- Cylindrical Spigot

TB- Tapered Bell

FF- Flat Face

E- Epoxy        
T- TensilS- Strength

RTR PIPE Material :

COOLING WATER - OFFERED PRESSURE 11 barg

OILY WATER SEWER-     2 barg
FIRE WATER  17.5barg

RTR(FUTURE PIPE INDUSTRIES )FPI

(BUTT & WRAPLAMINATION JT.)(EPOXY FIELD LAMINATION for BUILD UP)

DIA        THICK    BOND AREABUILD UPTHICK BOLT TORQUE (Nm/ ftlb)

25 mm     2.5 mm      50+50           30+301.9mm15/11

50mm      2.4 mm      50+50          30+302.4 mm20/14.7

80 mm     2.8 mm     50+5035+353.6 mm35/25.8

100 mm2.8 mm     50+50      35+353.6 mm45/33.1

150 mm    2.8 mm      50+50           40+40          4.1 mm40/29.5

200 mm    3.5 mm     60+60           60+60          4.4 mm80/59.0

250 mm     4.3 mm    75+75           60+60         4.8 mm85/62.6

300 mm      5.1 mm    90+90           70+70          5.6 mm130/95.8

350 mm    5.9 mm     105+105       80+80          6.6 mm180/132.7

400 mm     6.7 mm     120+120        90+90          7.4 mm185/136.4

450mm      7.5 mm      135+135        100+100       8.3 mm180/132.7

500 mm     8.3 mm      150+150        115+115       9.2 mm 175/129

600 mm       9.9 mm     180+180        135+135       11 mm255/165

700 mm     12.5mm       245+245          220/162.2

800mm                                                               320/236

900 mm                                                              335/247

1000mm                                                             365/269.2

1050 mm     18 mm     290+290                             378/278.7

Under Ground Bolt required ceramic Fluoropolymer coatedA307 GR. B, A563 GR.A with 2 washer

 .    300 mm distance from sewer to Potable Water

-       U/G Steel pipe material  ASTM A53, API 5L grade B

SAES S 010 Sanitary Sewers

SAES S 020 Industrial Drainage and Sewers

-       Air Gap minimum of 25 mm for the lip of drain Funnel not exceed 100mm

-       Pipe material RTR, Fittings RTR Wye Lateral

-       Pipe 150 to 450mm

-       Maximum surface travel of any liquid to catch basin shall not greater than 15 meters

-       5.5.3slope not less than 1:65 (1.5%)

-       5.7.3 The lip of drain funnel shall be elevated  80mm above the ground

-       5.9.5 Invert of the outlet shall be at least 25mm lower than the invert of the lowest 

incoming sewer in the manhole

-       5.10.1clean out as per standard drwg. Shall be provided 100mm(4 inch)

-       Vents 100 mm pipe diameter, shall be sloped to drain back to the manhole with low 

point. And required water tight in 4 hrs those back filled shall be tested in 24 hrs

SAES S 030 - Storm Water Drainage System

SAES S 040- Water System

-       UL/FM Approved (all valves)

-       UL- Underwriter Laboratories

-       FM- Factory Mutual 

-       NFPA- National fire Protection Association

-       NSF – National Sanitation Foundation

MATREIAL

-       12LC0U Steel pipe ASTM A53, API5L Grade B

-       12FE0U RTR Fiber Glass

-       AWWA C950 FIBERGLASS PRESSURE PIPING

-       AWWA American Water Works Association C151 Cement Line with Coated

-       Non metallic pipe fittings CPVC, HDPE,RTRP

-       5.7.11 Flange Flat face/Full Face Gasket

SAES S 050Sprinkles and Stand Pipe System Buildings

SAES S 060 - PLUMBING CODE

 SEE Bracing Standards

       COPPER NICKEL

UPS –Utility Piping System

UPC –Uniform Plumbing Code

AWWA C950  Fiber Glass Pressure pipe

Copper Tube for Piping required Type L

TYPE of Copper Joints

1.Composite Flange

2.Butt Welding

3. Socket Welding

4.Copper Nickel Capillary Bracing Fitting or Connectors

 IAPMO – International Association of Plumbing Official

 UPL – Uniform Plumbing Code

SOLVENT CEMENT shall be conform to the FF.

ASTM D2564- PVC to PVC

ASTM F493 - CPVC to CPVC or PVC

Plastic Pressure Pipe installed under any building floor, slab or cellar unless piping is fully encasedin concrete or protection of steel pipe

SAES S 070 - Installation of Utility Piping

UTILITY PIPING INCLUDES

a)   Potable  Water (Raw and Drinking Water)

b)   Raw/Fire Combined Water

c)   Dedicated Water system

d)   Sanitary Works

e)   Industrial drains and Sewers

PIPEmaterialif stored in rack or bearings board support at least 75 mm wide spaced or 3 meter and 1.5 m from the end of pipe.

10.7.3 Fire Water Lines and Piping with internal Pressure in excess of 200 PSI shall be required Woven Geotextile

12.1 Joints shall be restrained type (adhesive Bonded) Butt and Wrap Lamination Joints)

Mechanical type joints or unrestrained  typegasketed bell and Spigot Type Joints,

AWWAC950 sec.7.7These joint shall be assemble in accordance with the manufacture  procedure, Heating blanket shall be used to cure Adhesive bonded Joints.

12.3  Flat washer shall be use under nuts and bolt heads on non metallic flanges

17.2  Piping larger than 250 mm nominal pipe size shall be assemble in trench.

19.6 Requirements of pressure gauges, pressure recorder, calibration interval, calibration certificate shall be accordance with SAES A 004.

Field repair for RTR Piping shall be made in accordance with the pipe manufacture pre qualified repair procedure.

FIBER GLASS DEFFECTS  PIPE& FITTINGS

AIR BUBBLE (VOID) Not  to penetrate any surface limits apply to all surfaces, maximum

                Dimension 1-2 mmdiameter, 0.5mm thickness.

FOREIGN INCLUSION-Not penetrate any surface limits  apply to all surfaces, maximum depth 1mm

PIT  (pinhole) –Maximum depth 0.25 mm, maximum width 1.0 mm

POROSITY (pinhole)

SCRATCH –Maximum depth 0.40 mm not to exceed liner thickness

WORMHOLE (surface void)

WRINKLE

Ø  Thermo plastic and RTR fittings shall be stored in their original containers. Fittings shall be stored in a building or under cover that allows free air circulation.

Ø  Solvent cement and primer for thermoplastic piping shall be stored in an air conditioned building with a maximum temperature of 25 C.

Ø  Adhesive for RTR piping shall be stored in an enclosure where temperatures do not exceed 38 C.

Ø  Gasket, O-rings and locking keys shall be stored flat on the racks below 38 C and out of direct sunlight

Ø  Training certificate (or proof of training) for installing RTR piping system must be obtained from RTR piping manufacturer. This certificate is valid for one year or the duration of the project, which ever is the first.

Ø  Hardness Test (BARCOL)--- 33 %  above ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA  at least 5 READINGS.

Ø  Mixed the Resin according to the recipe. The mixed ratio is 1 kg of resin is to 10 ml of hardener.

RTR Bonding Wrapping Joints Material

Resin mixed with IPD or

     Resin mixed with Easy Fit

WovenRoving orNon Woven Polyester Fiber (for wrapping butt joints)

Cabosil Powder ( for tacking and filling)

     Adhesive Cement or Easy fit Adhesive (for adhesive joint or for tacking butt jt.)

Non Woven Polyester Fiber

Glass veil surface mat (Top Tape)

CLEANING   using a clean cloth soaked in acetone.

CURING  for maximum chemical resistance, the product should be cured at 125 C for 1 hr.

16-5- Geotextile shall be used defending upon the soil condition to prevent soil wash away around the pipe

ADVISED HEATING UP/CURING TIME (HOUR) ADHESIVE JOINT FOR MEDIUM TEMPERATURE <=95 C

PRESSURE TESTING:

Ø  The test shall be  hydro tested at least 1.5 times the minimum design pressure of the piping system but not less than 150 psig for minimum two (2)  hrs.

Ø  Pressure gauge shall have range the test pressure with in the 30% to 80% of the full range (one month expirationfor calibration.

Ø  Test Manifold  shall be tested at least  1.2 times system of test pressure.

Ø  Sanitary and other gravity sewers (including oily water ) in which the internal pressure from static head and or friction does not exceed 103 kpa (15 psi)

Ø  Relief valve of adequate capacity set at 5% above at the test   pressure or a maximum of 170 kpa(25 psig) (onemonth expiration for calibration)  (16.5bar x5 shift %=+)=17.3

Ø  The test pressure shall be maintained for a minimum of 2 , maximum of 4 hrs.while the joints are inspected for leakage.

Ø  If for justifiable safety reasons the line must be backfilled, then the joints shall remain exposed during testing, otherwise the shall be a 24 hour recorded test.

  Records/ Reports Related to Quality                                                             

CAR-Corrective action report NCR- Non Conformance Report

STQ-Technical Query RequestPAF- Preventive Action  Form

FCR- Field Change ReportQCR- Quality Control Report

QCR-Quality Control Report RFI- Request for Inspection

ITP-Inspection Test PlanSSSS-Supplier Subcontractor Submittal Sheet                                  

MRI-Material Receiving Inspection QPQ- Quality Personal Qualification

MSS-Material Submission SheetWMS-Work Method Statement

 ON PLOT PIPING

ASME B31-1- Power Piping

Ø  Steam Power Generation

Ø  Co Generation Plant

Ø  Steam Generation Plant

ASME B31.3 – Process Piping

Ø  Refineries

Ø  Petro chemical

Ø  Pump station within the plot limit of refinery or petrochemical plant

Ø  Designated pipe ways or corridors with in process piping facility

Ø  Steam generating facility with in the process piping

Ø  Tank farm with in facility designated in process piping

Ø  Terminals for transporting and shipping crude oil and its derivatives

Ø  Shop fabrication skid mounted piping such as metering skid and corrosion inhibitor injection skid

ASME B31.4 – Pipe line transportation system for liquid Hydrocarbon and other liquid

ASME –B1.20.1-Pipe Threads General purpose

ASME B16.5  - Pipe Flange and Flange fittings

ASME  B31.8- Gas Transmission and distribution Piping System

ASME 1X- Boiler and Pressure Vessel

NACE –National Association of Corrosion Engineers

ASME –American  Society  of Mechanical Engineers

ASTM- American Society of Testing Materials

ASNT- American Society of Nondestructive Testing

API- American Petroleum Institute

MSS –Manufactures Standard razation Society of Valve

AWWA- American Water works Association

AWS – American Welding Society

	SAUDI ARAMCO STANDARD
SAES    A   004  General Requirement for Pressure Testing SAES    A 007  Hydrostatic Testing fluid and Layup Procedure SAES    L  109  Selection of Pipe Flanges Stud bolt and Gasket SAES    L   110   Limitation on Pipe Joints and Components SAES    L   120Piping Flexibility Analysis SAES    L 150Pressure Testing of Plant Piping and Pipe Lines SAES    L  310 Design of Plant Piping SAES    L  351 Bolted Flange Assembly SAES    L  460 Pipeline Crossing Under roads and Railroads SAES    L   420Scraper Trap Station Appurtenances SAES    L   100Applicable Codes and Standard for Pressure  SAES    L   133Corrosion  Protection Requirement SAES  L   315Steam Tracing and Jacketed Pipe SAES   L   440   Anchors for Buried Pipe lines SAES    L105Piping Class and Material Spec SAES    L 125  Safety Instruction Sheet for Piping and Pipe Lines SAES   L   350  Construction of Plant Piping SAES    L   450 Construction on land Near Shore Pipe line SAES    L   108  Selection of Valve SAES    L   130  Material for Low Temperature Service SAES    L   140 Thermal Expansion Relief in Piping SAES    L   351  Bolted flange Assembly SAES-   L   109 Selection of Pipe Flange, Stud Bolts and Gasket SAES    L   131 Fracture Control of Carbon Steel Line Pipe SAES    L   410  Design of  Pipe Lines SAES    L   610Non Metallic Piping SAES    A  206    PMI for Alloy and Stainless Material

Utility Identification

1.   Fire Water

2.   Service water

3.   Cooling Water

4.   Demi water

5.   HP Steam

6.   LP Steam

7.   MP Steam

8.   HP Condensate

9.   MP Condensate

10. LP Condensate

11. BFW

12. Plant Air

13. Instrument air

14  Fire Water

15  Service water

16  Cooling Water

17  Demi water

18  HP Steam

19  LP Steam

20  MP Steam

21  HP Condensate

22  MP Condensate

23  LP Condensate

24  BFW

25  Plant Air

26  Instrument air

27  LP Nitrogen

28 LP Flare

Utility System:  S   TEAM            W ATER       A  IR  N  ITROGEN                                                INSPECTION ACTIVITES: 1.   Iso Drawing  – Is an easy method of drawing image, all vertical line are drawn verticality but all  horizontal line are drawn in 30 deg to the base line. 2.   P&ID – Is an schematic illustration of piping instrumentation and system equipment  components. 3.   Test Package Contents: 1    Review of test package preparation 2    Pressure test Diagram 3    Test legend and symbols 4    Drawing Index (P&ID and Iso Drawing) 5    Verification of testing Equipment &Preparation 6    Pre Test Punch list 7    P& ID 8    Isometric  Drawing with weld map 9    Line history reports ( joint log sheet) 10  Compaction test Report (U/G) 11  Survey report 12  Internal cleaning /air blowing Report 13  Test calibration Certificates (test manifold, gauges, recorder, PZV) 14  Water analysis report 15  Pressure Test and visual inspection report 16  Depressurization & disposal of Hydro Test 17  Flange  face , Gasket verification ,Bolt tightening report 18  Re-instatement Inspection 19  Safety Instruction Sheet 20  NDT Report (PT, MT,RT,PWHT, PMI,Hardness test)    4.Bolt Tightening and Tensioning Inspection(RFI) Check the FF: ·         Flange serration and Gasket Verification  (class and type) Damage Criteria for Flange Raised Face: See SAIC -L -2002 ·         Flange Alignment, Tilt 1.6mm,2.4 bolt hole acceptable tolerance ·         Bolt and nuts material, color code and stencil, ·         Tightening Sequence ·         Check the torque value ·         Torque wrench certificate ·         Bolt tightening group approved w/ ID v  TORQUE MULTIFLIER – 700 FOOT POUNDS (Torque Ratio=1 : 185 ) EX:  1” 3/8 -B7m Coated ft/lb 30%=320 devidedto 18.5=17.29ft/lb to be set in small torque wrench 100%= 1067 devidedto 18.5= 57.7 ft/lb  to be set in small torque wrench B7 –Process and General Services L7/L7M- Low Temp Services B16 – Upper Intermediate Temp sevices B7M/L7M- Wet Sour Services Ceramic Fluor polymers Coated Bolts- Under Ground Piping Torque value SEE: SAIC-L-2001 NOTE: ASME  B31.3  sec 335.2.3 Bolt Length- Bolts should extend completely  through their nuts. Any which fail to do so are considered acceptably engaged if the lack of  complete engagement is not more than one thread. 5.Fit/Up  Inspection(RFI) Check the FF: ·         3mm clearance for  Butt, 1.5 for socket Joint Clearance, ·         Material class, sched ,and code no. as per drawing ·         Color coding, ·         Heat no. ·         Square, Level, Plumb and Dimension ·         Orientation as per Drawing ·         Internal Pipe Cleaning Pipe- Identified by NB and Thickness is defined by Schedule based on  ANSI B31.3 Tube- Identified by OD Eccentric Reducer (Suction) To avoid cavitations to maintain  Elev. (BOP) in rack Concentric Reducer  ( Discharge) Vertical pipe line Vent hole – For venting of hot gas which may get generated to welding (Test pressure 175kpa= 17 barg) 6.Valve Installation Inspection(RFI) Check the FF: ·         Material Class as per Drawing ·         Flange Face serration inspection ·         Flange face Coating ·         Color Coding ·         Valve Handle Orientation ·         Flow Direction (if required) NOTE:  SAES  L 108 4.7.1 Field Testing  Butt wel and socket end valves in nominal  pipe size (NPS) 2  inches  and smaller are excemp inches  and smaller are exempt  from  the above field testing requirements. Test Holding Time 1 minute., 900 class and high pressure shall  be test in min 5 min. And no visible leakage. NPS  2” and smaller all ratings- 10% NPS 14 NPS and less than ASME  600  -25% NPS 14” and above -        100 % 2” and  ANSI class 600 – 100 % 2” and API rating 2000 psi above – 100%    7.Weldolet  Installation and Branch Connection (RFI) ·         Material Class as per drawing ·         STUB IN  or  OUT ·         Clearance, Dimension     8. Pump Flange Alignment  .20 mm Tilt(RFI)     9. PZV  to Pipe Flange  Connection Alignment   1.6 mm Tilt(RFI)    10. Orifice Flange Inspection  (RFI)                Check The FF: ·         Flange face serration inspection ·         Check the material class, size and code as per drawing ·         Tilt acceptable tolerance ·         2.4 mm for bolt hole or free ·         Orifice Flange Internal smooth Grinding ·         Jack bolt and orifice tap orientation     11.Material Inspection (RFI) Check the FF: ·         Manufacture and Vendor approved by company ·         Material approved by company ·         Mill test Cert. with signed by 3rd party ·         Color Coding , ·         NDE Report with signed by 3rd party ·         Test Report  with signed by 3rd party ·         Heat no. ·         Visual Inspection      12.  Spool Released Inspection (FAB Shop)(RFI) Check the FF; ·         As per ISO Drawing ·         NDT Report acceptable      13. Pre installation  Inspection ,Air Blowing , Pipe end Capping(RFI)      14.Valve testing Inspection as per Project Required Percentage.(RFI) 15. Hydro testing  Inspection(RFI) Check The FF: ·         Test Package signed prior for test, All cert. shall be attached in  test package a ·         (punch “A” should be closed) ·         Hydro Test Manifold with Tag  and  Certificate. ·         Hydro test Manifold x1.2 test pressurewith certificate ·         Relief Valve  plus 5% of  test  Pressurecheck the certificate  validity of 1 week ·         Pressure gauge  Range 30%-80% (1 barg=14.5 psi)check the  certificate 1 month validity ·         2 or 3 Pressure Gauge shall be installed ·         Safety Permit ·         Line Design pressure X 1.5 = Test pressure ·         Check the Barricade Tools and Equipment ·         30 min Holding  Time ·         Check the  temporary blind  thickness is suitable as the  test pressure ·         Vent should be installed in highest point and shall be open  during filling of water. E8018 defines: E – Electode 80 – Tensile Stregnth (psi x 1000) 1 – Positional Capabilities 8 – Flux  coating & Electrical Characteristic WELDING SMAW- Shielded Metal Arc Welding  (DCRP-  Direct Current Reverse Polarity) GTAW- Gas Tungsten Arc welding – ( DCSP – Direct Current Straight Polarity) GMAW- Gas Metal Arc Welding SAW- Submerge Arc Welding FCAW-Flux Cored Arc Welding NDT- Non Destructive Test PWHT- Post Weld Heat Treatment PT-Penetrate  Test (Cleaner, Penetrate, Developer) RT- Radiography Test MT – Magnetic Test PMI-Positive Material Identification UT- Ultrasonic Test Hardness Test-                                         LUBEREF ARAMCO CS, LTCS, SS, DSS- Butt Weld  fittings – ASME B16.9 CS, LTCS, SS, DSS- Socket Welding Threaded Fittings  ASME  B 16.11 150,300,600 Raised Face , 150 may also flat faced 900,1500,2500  Gasket groove type SPIRAL WOUND  Gasket  ASME B16.20        SAES   L 109 NON  METALLIC  Gasket  ASME B16.21 RING JOINT  Gasket   ASME B16.20 GATE VALVE  - 04 –SAMMS-001 GLOBE VALVE – 04 -SAMMS-002 CHECK VALVE -1/2- 1 ½- BS-EN-ISO-17292 BALL VALVE- 2” ~   - 04 -SAMMS-051 PLUG VALVE (lubricate) -04 -SAMMS -053 BUTTERFLY VALVE  High Performance – 04 –SAMMS-047 General Requirements for Valves - 04 –SAMMS- 035 Valves Inspection  and Testing -04 –SAMMS-048 CG  - A53  Hot dip galvanized.  FE  - GRE U/G pipe PD -  HDPE PU -  CPVC CC- Carbon CC – 05-07  Nace CJ -  Alloy SD – Stainless steel SX- Duplex (NACE) Prepared by M.Ajmal Khan

தமிழகத்தில் ஜல்லிக்கட்டு மற்றும் மஞ்சு விரட்டு நடைபெறும் இடங்கள் !! ஒரு தவகல்...

தமிழகத்தை பொருத்தவரை ஜல்லிக்கட்டு மதுரை மாவட்டத்தில் ஆண்டு தோறும் தை , 1ல் அவனியாபுரத்திலும், தை , 2ல் பாலமேட்டிலும், தை , 3ல் அலங்காநல்லூரிலும் ஜல்லிக்கட்டு அடுத்தடுத்து நடத்தப்படுகிறது.

தமிழகத்தில்ஜல்லிக்கட்டு மற்றும் மஞ்சு விரட்டு நடைபெறும் இடங்கள்... 

மதுரை மாவட்டத்தைத் தவிர தமிழகத்தின் பிற இடங்களிலும் இந்த ஜல்லிக்கட்டு மற்றும் மஞ்சு விரட்டு விழா ஆண்டுதோறும் தை மாதம் முதல் வைகாசி மாதம் வரை நடத்தப்படுகிறது.


மதுரை மாவட்டத்தில் அவனியாபுரம் ,பாலமேடு,அலங்காநல்லூர் ஜல்லிக்கட்டு போட்டிகள்அடுத்தடுத்து நடத்தப்படுகிறது . மேலும் சக்குடி, வாடிப்பட்டி, அழகர்கோவில்,சாலூர் போன்ற ஊர்களில் மஞ்சு விரட்டு போட்டிகள் மிகவும்பிரசித்தமாக  நடத்தப்படுகிறது.  

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இதே போல் தமிழகத்தில் பிரசித்தமான ஜல்லிக்கட்டு மற்றும் மஞ்சு விரட்டுபோட்டிகள்!!

சிவகெங்கை மாவட்டத்தில் மஞ்சு விரட்டு


சிராவயல்,

அரளிப்பாறை

கண்டிப்பட்டி,

என்.புதூர்,

காரைக்குடி ,

நெடுமரம்,

கண்டரமாணிக்கம்,

மலைக்கோயில்,

பட்டமங்கலம் ஆகிய இடங்களில் மஞ்சு விரட்டு




தேனி மாவட்டத்தில் ஜல்லிக்கட்டு

அய்யம்பட்டி, பல்லவராயன் பட்டி (கம்பம் )




புதுக்கோட்டை மாவட்டத்தில் மஞ்சு விரட்டு /ஜல்லிக்கட்டு

திருநல்லூர்,

ஆலத்தூர்,

திருவாப்பூர், ஜல்லிக்கட்டு

வேந்தன்பட்டி ஜல்லிக்கட்டு

பொன்அமராவதிஜல்லிக்கட்டு




திண்டுக்கல் மாவட்டத்தில் மஞ்சு விரட்டு

பிள்ளமநாயக்கன்பட்டி,

தவசிமடை,

கொசுவப்பட்டி,

சொரிப்பாறைப்பட்டி,

வெள்ளேடு,

மறவப்பட்டி,

நத்தம் அம்மாபட்டி ,

வீரசின்னம்பட்டி,

புகையிலைப்பட்டி,ஆகிய இடங்களில் மஞ்சு விரட்டு


சேலம் மாவட்டத்தில் ஜல்லிக்கட்டு..

கொண்டலாம்பட்டி ,

ஆத்தூர் கூலமேடு,

தம்மம்பட்டி




திருச்சி மாவட்டத்தில் ஜல்லிக்கட்டு


பாலக்குறிச்சி,

ஆவாரங்காடு,

வார்ப்பட்டி,

சூரியூர்,

கருங்குளம் போன்ற இடங்களில் நடைப்பெறும்.

 கீழ்க்கண்ட ஜல்லிக்கட்டு மற்றும் மஞ்சு விரட்டுபோட்டிகள் மிகவும் பிரசித்தமானது . 

அவனியாபுரம் ஜல்லிக்கட்டு

மதுரை மாவட்டத்தில் உள்ள அவனியாபுரத்தில் ஒவ்வொரு ஆண்டும் முதன் முதலில் அவனியாபுரத்தில்தான் ஜல்லிக்கட்டு நடத்தப்படுகிறது. இந்த ஜல்லிக்கட்டில் பங்கேற்க புகழ்பெற்ற அலங்காநல்லூர், பாலமேடு காளைகள் மற்றும் வாடிப்பட்டி, சோளங்குருணி, பெருங்குடி, திருமங்கலம் உள்ளிட்ட மாவட்டத்தின் பல்வேறு பகுதிகளில் இருந்தும் 500-க்கும் மேற்பட்ட காளைகள் அழைத்து வரப்படுகின்றன.
பாலமேடு ஜல்லிக்கட்டு


2013-ஆம் ஆண்டு இங்கு நடந்த ஜல்லிக்கட்டில் மஞ்சள் நிறத்தில் மேலாடையும், நீல நிறத்தில் கால் சட்டையும் சீருடையாக இருந்தது. இந்த சீருடை அணிந்து வீரர்கள் மக்களின் ஆரவாரத்திற்க்கிடையே தடுப்பினுள் தயாராக இருப்பார்கள். பின்னர் "வாடிவாசல்" என்று அழைக்கப்படும் பகுதியிலிருந்து காளைகள் விரட்டிவிடப்படும். இங்கு வரும் காளைகள் இந்த ஊரிலிருந்து மட்டுமின்றி மதுரை மாவட்டம், திருச்சிராப்பள்ளி மாவட்டம், புதுக்கோட்டை மாவட்டம், தேனி மாவட்டம், விருதுநகர் மாவட்டம் போன்ற மாவட்டங்களில் உள்ள ஊர்களிலிருந்தும் வந்து போட்டியில் கலந்து கொள்வது வழக்கமாக உள்ளது.

அலங்காநல்லூர் ஜல்லிக்கட்டு


அலங்காநல்லூர் ஜல்லிக்கட்டு விளையாட்டில் உள்ள விறுவிறுபின் காரணமாகவும் ஊடகங்கள் மற்றும் தமிழ் திரைப்படங்களின் மூலமும் உலக அளவில் அலங்காநல்லூர் பிரபலமாகத் தொடங்கியது. இதன் காரணமாக இன்று ஜல்லிக்கட்டு என்று சொன்னாலே அனைவருக்கும் அலங்காநல்லூர் பெயர்தான் நினைவுக்கு வருகிறது.

சூரியூர் ஜல்லிக்கட்டு

திருச்சிராப்பள்ளி மாவட்டத்தில் திருவரம்பூர் அருகே உள்ள பெரிய சூரியூர் கிராமத்தில் மாட்டுப்பொங்கல் தினத்தன்று ஜல்லிக்கட்டு நடைபெறுவது வழக்கம்

சிராவயல் மஞ்சுவிரட்டு

 சிராவயல் தமிழகத்தில் சிவகெங்கை மாவட்டத்தில் காரைக்குடியில் இருந்து 14 கி .மீ தொலைவில் உள்ளது.பிள்ளையார்பட்டி கிராமத்தில் பின்புறம் இருக்கிறது. வருடந்தோறும் காணும்பொங்கல் அன்று 300 ஆண்டுகளுக்கும் மேலாக மஞ்சுவிரட்டு மிக சிறப்பாகக் கொண்டாடப்பட்டு வருகிறது.வெளிநாட்டு பயணிகளும் மக்களும் சுமார் 2 இலட்சம் பேர் வரை வருகை தந்து கண்டு களிக்கிறார்கள் .

அரளிப்பாறை மஞ்சுவிரட்டு

சிவகங்கை மாவட்டம், சிங்கம்புணரி அருகே அரளிப்பாறையில் ஆண்டுதோறும் மாசி மகத்தன்று ஐந்து நிலை நாடு எனப்படும் 100 கிராமங்களை உள்ளடக்கிய நாட்டார்கள் சார்பில் மஞ்சுவிரட்டு நடத்தப்படுவது வழக்கம்.


ஆக்கம்  மற்றும் தொகுப்பு : மு.அஜ்மல் கான்.

ஆயகலைகள் 64...?அவை என்னென்ன என்று தெரியுமா?

 

ஆயகலைகள் 64 என்று உங்களுக்கு தெரிந்திருக்கும்! அவை என்னென்ன என்று தெரியுமா? 1. அக்கரவிலக்கணம் 2. இலிகிதம் 3. கணிதம் 4. வேதம் 5. புராணம் 6. வியாகரணம் 7. நீதி சாஸ்திரம் 8. ஜோதிடம் 9. தர்ம சாஸ்திரம் 10. யோக சாஸ்திரம் 11. மந்திர சாஸ்திரம் 12. சகுன சாஸ்திரம் 13. சிற்ப சாஸ்திரம் 14. வைத்திய சாஸ்திரம் 15. உருவ சாஸ்திரம் 16. இதிகாசம் 17. காவியம் 18. அலங்காரம் 19. மதுர பாடனம் 20. நாடகம் 21. நிருத்தம் 22. சத்தப்பிரும்மம் 23. வீணை 24. வேணு (புல்லாங்குழல்) 25. மிருதங்கம் (மத்தளம்) 26. தாளம் 27. அத்திரப் பரிட்சை 28. கனகப் பரிட்சை (பொன் மாற்று பார்த்தல்) 29. இரதப் பரிட்சை (தேர் ஏற்றம்) 30. கஜப் பரிட்சை (யானை எற்றம்) 31. அசுவப் பரிட்சை (குதிரை ஏற்றம்) 32. இரத்தினப் பரிட்சை 33. பூமிப் பரிட்சை 34. சங்கிராம விலக்கணம் 35. மல்யுத்தம் 36. ஆகருடனம் (ஆகர்ஷணம்) 37. உச்சாடனம் 38. வித்து வேடனம் (ஏவல்) 39. மதன சாஸ்திரம் 40. மோகனம் 41. வசீகரணம் 42. இரசவாதம் 43. காந்தருவ வாதம் (சங்கீத வித்தை) 44. பைபீலவாதம் (மிருக பாஷை) 45. கவுத்துவ வாதம் 46. தாதுவாதம் ( நாடி சாஸ்திரம்) 47. காருடம் 48. நட்டம் 49. மூட்டி (கைக்குள் மூடியிருக்கும் பொருளைச் சொல்லுதல்) 50. ஆகாய கமனம் (வானத்தில் ஊர்ந்து செல்லுதல்) 51. பரகாய பிரவேஷம் (கூடுவிட்டுக் கூடு பாய்தல்) 52. ஆகாயப் பிரவேஷம் ( ஆகாயத்தில் மறைந்து கொள்வது) 53. அதிரிசியம் 54. இந்திர ஜாலம் (செப்பிடு வித்தை, மாய வித்தை) 55. மகேந்திர ஜாலம் 56. அக்கினி ஸ்தம்பம் (நெருப்பைச் சுடாமல் கட்டல்) 57. ஜலஸ்தம்பம் (நீருக்குள் மூழ்கி வெகு நேரமிருத்தல், நீரில் நடத்தல், நீரில் படுத்திருத்தல்) 58. வாயுஸ்தம்பம் 59. திட்டி ஸ்தம்பம் 60. வாக்கு ஸ்தம்பம் 61. சுக்கில ஸ்தம்பம் (விந்தையடக்கல்) 62. கன்னத்தம்பம் 63. கட்கத்தம்பம் 64. அவத்தைப் பிரயோகம் இதில் பலவற்றிற்கு எனக்கு அர்த்தம் புரியவில்லை. உங்களுக்குத் தெரிந்தால் பகிர்ந்து கொள்ளுங்கள்.

Do you what is Islam ?

Contents:

Religion of Unity

Religion of "Submission To The Divine Will"

Religion of Nature

Religion of Discipline

Religion of Truth

Religion of Temperance

Religion of Beauty

Religion of Reason

Religion of The Negation of Superstition

Religion of Action

Religion of Balanced Progress

Religion of Scientific Quest

Religion of The Sanctity of Labour

Religion of The Highest Idealism In Ethics

Religion of Peace And Goodwill

Religion of Struggle (Jihad)

Religion of "No Compulsion  In Conversion"

Religion of Brotherhood

Religion of Spiritual Democracy

Religion of Human Dignity

Religion of Rational Sex Morality

Religion of Salvation In This Life And The Hereafter

Religion With Authentic And Perfect Divine Scripture

Religion With The Simplest Creed

Hazrat Muhammad (Peace Be Upon  Him) The Pinnacle of Human Perfection

Absorption In The Love of God The Final Goal

(A) RELIGION OF UNITY
(1) Unity of God
Islam teaches the purest form of Monotheism and regards polytheism as the deadliest sin. A Muslim addresses GOD by His Personal Name: ALLAH --- the word "god" and its equivalents in other languages being unstable in the matter of connotation. Allah, according to Islam, is the One God, who is Indivisible in Person and Who has no partner: wife, son or daughter. He is the Matchless and "naught is as His likeness". "He begetteth not, nor was He begotten". He is the First, the Last, the Eternal, the Infinite, the Almighty, the Omniscient, the Omnipresent. He is the Creator, the Nourisher, the Cherisher of all things. He is the All-just, the Avenger of the wrongs done to the weak and the oppressed, the Compassionate, the Merciful and Loving, the Guide, the Friend, the Magnificent, the Glorious, the Beautiful and the True. In short, He is the Possessor of all Excellence.
Speaking of the conception of God in Islam, Gibbon, the famous western historian, says: "The Creed of Hazrat Muhammad is free from the suspicion of Ambiguity and the Qur’an is a glorious testimony to the unity of God. The Prophet of Mecca rejected the worship of idols and men, of stars and planets, on the rational principle that whatever is corruptible must decay and perish, that whatever is born must die, that whatever rises must set. In the Author of the universe his rational enthusiasm confessed and adored an infinite and Eternal Being, without form or place, without issue or similitude, present to our secret thoughts, existing by the necessity of His own nature, and deriving from Himself all moral and intellectual perfections. These sublime truths …are defined with metaphysical precision by the interpreters of the Qur’an. A philosophic theist might subscribe to the popular creed of the Muhammadans."

(2) Unity of the Universe
From the Unity of the Creator, according to Islam, proceeds the Unity of the Universe, i.e., Unity of Creation and Unity of Purpose. In other words, the Cosmos is a Moral Order.

(3) Unity of Mankind
Islam regards the whole of mankind as an "organic unity" --- a single family, and emphatically says that the distinctions on the mundane plane, the distinctions, namely, of race, colour, language or territory, cannot form the ground for claims of superiority of one group over the other. The only distinction that has "value" is that which arises at the moral and spiritual planes – namely, the distinction of "taqwa", or, "piety and righteousness".Prof. H.A.R. Gibb, the famous English critic of Islam says, "…..Islam…..possesses a magnificent tradition of inter-racial understanding and co-operation. No other society has such a record of success in uniting in an equality of status, of opportunity and of endeavour so many and so various races of mankind… If ever the opposition of the great societies of East is to be replaced by co-operation, the mediation of Islam is an indispensable condition." (Whither Islam? p.379).

(4) Unity of Religion
According to Islam, the human intellect, though a great and powerful asset, has its natural limits, and, therefore, neither the normative nor the empirical sciences are capable of leading humanity to a sure knowledge of ultimate truths and the code of life based upon them. The only source of sure knowledge open to humanity is, consequently, Divine Guidance, and that course has been actually open ever since the beginnings of human life on earth. Allah raised His "Prophets" and "Messengers" and revealed His Guidance to them for transmission to humanity. Coming from the same Source, all revealed religions have, therefore, been one, i.e., ISLAM.
Allah's Prophets and Messengers continued to come to every country and community to work in their respective limited fields. Time after time, the revealed Guidance was either lost or corrupted through human interpolation, and new Prophets with fresh Dispensations were sent, and humanity continued to advance from infancy to maturity. At last, when the stage of maturity was reached – when humanity was practically to become one family --- instead of sectional Guidance, a perfect, final and abiding Revelation, addressed to entire mankind and for all time, was granted in the seventh century of the Christian era. That Revelation, which recapitulates all former Revelations and thus sets a seal on the Unity of Religion, is ISLAM; the Scripture which enshrines it is the HOLY QUR’AN; and the Prophet who brought it is the Leader of Humanity, Hazrat Muhammad (Allah bless him!).Thus all the Prophets of God, from Adam down to Hazrat Noah, Hazrat Abraham, Hazrat Moses and Hazrat Jesus (peace be upon them all), are the Prophets of a Muslim the Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (peace be upon him!) being the Last and Final one, and all the Divine Scriptures are the Scriptures of a Muslim, though he follows only the Holy Qur’an because it alone exists in its original purity and it alone contains the religion of Islam which has been followed by all rightly-guided people since the day the first human being came into existence.

(5) Unity of Sexes
Differentiation of functions have misled certain cultures of the world to regard woman as a being who belongs, so to say, to a different and inferior species: and to meet out to her inhuman treatment accordingly. Islam emphatically repudiates that notion and teaches that both man and woman have sprung from the same essence and the same source and consequently possess the same human status. Their functions and interests, instead of being antagonistic, are meant to be mplementary. The natural relation between the sexes, in all its aspects, is therefore, that of love and harmony, without which no true human progress can be possible.

(6) Unity of Classes
Islam aims at the creation of a classless society by eliminating all possible social conflicts (through revolving the different interests).
In the sphere of economics, Islam lays down the principle that wealth should not be allowed to circulate among the wealthy only, and envisages, through its laws and institutions, a "Cooperative Common-wealth of Talents".
In the political sphere, Islam stands for the "Cooperative Commonwealth of the Pursuers of Righteousness".
Taken as a whole, the Islamic state is a "welfare state" where sovereignty belongs to Allah alone and no human being has a right to govern other human beings except in the name of Allah and according to His Will, and where nobody, not even the Head of the State, is above the law. Absolute Justice is the watchword and the Establishment of Righteousness is the goal.
The merits of Islam’s social ethics have elicited praise even from the otherwise hostile critics. For instance:H.G. Wells says: "Islam created a society more free from widespread cruelty and social oppression than any society that had ever been in the world before" (Outline of History, p.325).
H.A.R. Gibb says: "Within the Western world Islam still maintains the balance between exaggerated opposities. Opposed equally to the anarchy of European nationalism and the regimentation of Russian communism, it has not yet succumbed to that obsession with the economic side of life which is characteristic of present-day Russia alike." (Whither Islam? p.378).
Prof. Louis Massignon says: "Islam has the merit of standing for a very equalitarian conception… It occupies an intermediate position between the doctrines of bourgeois capitalism and Bolshevist communism." (Whither Islam? p.378).

(7) Unity of Human Activity
Islam conceives of the human personality as a "unity" and consequently regards the distinction of "secular" and "religious" as unscientific, irrational and absurd. The life of a Muslim, both in its individual and social manifestation, is a life lived for God and God alone.
"Islam," says Dudley Wright, scholar of Comparative Religion, "is no mere creed; it is a life to be lived. In the Qur’an may be found directions for what are sometimes termed the minor details of daily life, but which are not minor when it is considered that life has to be lived for God. The Muslim lives for God alone. The aim of the Muslim is to become God-bound, and to endeavour to advance the knowledge of God in all his undertakings. From the cradle to the grave the true Muslim lives for God and God alone."


(B)RELIGION OF "SUBMISSION TO THE DIVINE WILL"
The word "Islam" means "submission" and, as a religious term, it connotes "submission to the Divine Will and Commands". As such, ISLAM is co-extensive with NATURE. For, everything in Nature submits to the Divine Will without demur. The only exception is man. He has to choose "Islam" through his free will and thus to attain his destiny by falling in line with the rest of God’s Creation.
Goethe, the renowned poet-philosopher of Germany, says:"Naerrisch, dass jeder in seinem Falle Seine besomdere Meinung priest! Whenn Islam Gott ergeben heisst, Im Islam leben und sterben wir alle" viz:"It is lack of understanding that everyone praises own special opinion;(for) Islam means submission to God and in Islam we all live and die."

(C) RELIGION OF NATURE
The above statement brings out, and the Holy Qur’an emphasises in clear terms, that to be a Muslim is to live and grow in accordance with true human nature and in harmony with the Nature around. Islam, thus, means conformity to the Natural Law.

(D) RELIGION OF DISCIPLINE
The concepts of Submission to the Divine Will and Conformity to the Natural Law, when actively realized in human life, give rise to the healthiest form of DISCIPLINE and Islam is the religion of Discipline par excellence.
In his famous book; First and Last Things, H.G. Wells says:
"The aggression, discipline and submission of Muhammadanism makes, I think,… fine and honorable religion for men. Its spirit, if not its formula is abundantly present in our modern world... I have no doubt that in devotion to a virile… Deity and to the service of His Empire of stern Law and Order, efficiently upheld, men have found and will find salvation."The German Orientalist Friedrich Delitzsch admits that the Muslim shows "owing to his religious surrender to the Will of God an exemplary patience under misfortune and he bears up under disastrous accidents with an admirable strength of mind." (Die Welt des Islam, p.28).

(E)RELIGION OF TRUTH
The concept of "Truth" forms the keynote of Islamic ideology and pervades the entire universal order presented by Islam. Not only is "truthfulness" a fundamental value in the elaborate Islamic Moral Code – a value which forms the foundation-stone of Muslim character, but God Himself has been mentioned in the Holy Qur’an as "The Truth", or "the True", the Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (God bless him!) as the "Bearer of Truth", the Qur’an itself as "the Truth", and the abode of the righteous after death as the "Seat of Truth".

(F) RELIGION OF TEMPERANCE
Islam is the religion of Purity and Temperance par excellence. It stresses purity not only of the mind and the heart, which certain other religions also stress, but also of the body, its fundamental principle being the harmonious development of human personality. Consequently; it strictly prohibits the use of all drinks and foods which might be unhealthy and injurious to the body, or the mind or both. Thus its prohibitive injunctions cover not only all the intoxicants, e.g., wine, opium, etc., but also those foods which are harmful to healthy human growth. Ultimately, Islamic Temperance covers all evil thoughts, feelings and deeds.

(G)RELIGION OF BEAUTY
Unlike certain religions, Islam is not the religion of contempt for the world, of the negation of any fundamental value. It is positively and definitely a religion of fulfilment – fulfilment of all the faculties and positive capabilities with which God has endowed man. Aesthetic culture, therefore, forms part of Islamic life – of course, governed and controlled by Islam’s moral and spiritual principles. In Islam the concept of "Beauty" permeates the entire human activity – nay, the whole cosmic order, "Allah," says the Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (peace be with him!), "is Beautiful and loves what is beautiful." Beauty in thought, words and deed, and beauty in all creative activity is the Islamic ideal.Islam permits the creation of Art, within the limitations of its spiritual and moral framework. But its motto is not "Art for the sake of Art" but "Art for the sake of Life", whereby alone a true blending of spiritual, moral and physical beauty – the rational and harmonious goal of human life – is achievable.

(H) RELIGION OF REASON
Islam regards Reason as man’s distinctive privilege and God’s noble gift, and the Holy Qur’an has repeatedly exhorted mankind to employ Reason in the matters of social and natural phenomena and in understanding its Message and practicing its Guidance, thus giving to "personal judgment," its due place in the life of a Muslim."Intellectual Culture" in general, forms one of the noblest pursuits of human life in Islam and the acquisition and cultivation of knowledge has been made obligatory upon every Muslim man and woman.

(I) RELIGION OF THE NEGATION OF SUPERSTITION
Islam is a positively rational religion and stands opposed to the mystery cults and religions of mysterious dogmas whose acceptance is generally claimed on the basis of blind faith.
Speaking of the negation of superstition and the affirmation of Reason in Islam, Godfrey Higgins says: "No relic, no image, no picture, no mother of God disgrace his (Hazrat Muhammad’s) religion. No such doctrines as the efficacy of faith without works, or that of a death-bed repentance, plenary indulgences, absolution or auricular confession, operate first to corrupt, then to deliver up his followers into the power of a priesthood, which would of course be always more corrupt and more degraded than themselves. No indeed! The adoration of one God, without mother, or mystery, or pretended miracle, and the acknowledgement that he, a man, was sent to preach the duty of offering adoration to the Creator alone, constituted the simple doctrinal part of the religion of the Unitarian of Arabia." (Apology for Hazrat Muhammad).

(J) RELIGION OF ACTION
Islam stands in sharp contrast with those religions which interpret the Salvation of man in terms of the acceptance of certain intricate and inexplicable formula  Simplicity is its watch-word and rationality its lifeblood, and as such it gives to both "Faith" and "Action" their due place. Wherever the Holy Qur’an mentions the problem of human salvation, it bases it on "right belief" as well as "righteous action", emphasizing the former as the ground and the latter as the sequence.

(K) RELIGION OF BALANCED PROGRESS
Islamic life is a life of the attainment of "Falah" which means, "The furrowing out of latent faculties". A Muslim, therefore, has to continuously strive for progress…. a progress controlled by righteousness and illumined by Divine Guidance, a progress grounded in spirituality, a progress balanced and comprehending all aspects of human life: spiritual, mental, moral, aesthetic and physical.Paying tribute to the balanced character of Islam and the progress which it inspires, the famous Orientalist Prof. H. A. R. Gibb says:"Within the Western world, Islam still maintains the balance between exaggerated opposites...For the fullest development of its cultural life, particularly of its spiritual life, Europe cannot do without the forces and capacities which lie within Islamic society." (Whither Islam? p.378).

(L) RELIGION OF SCIENTIFIC QUEST
While other religions may feel shy of science Islam has made the scientific quest a religious obligation. The aims of that quest, however, are not the unbalanced indulgence in physical pleasures and the tyrannisation over fellowbeings, but the advancement in the love of God through progress in the knowledge of His works and the service of humanity through the acquisition of control over the "forces of nature".
Speaking of the role of Islam as the inaugurator of the modern scientific era, Briffault, the reputed scholar of the history of civilisation, says:…although there is not a single aspect of European growth in which the decisive influence of Islamic culture is not traceable, nowhere is it so clear and momentous as in the genesis of that power which constitutes the permanent distinctive force of the modern world and the supreme source of its victory – natural science and the scientific spirit … The debt of our science to that of the Arabs does not consist in startling discoveries of revolutionary theories; science owes a great deal more to Arab culture, it owes its existence. The ancient world was, as we saw, pre-scientific. The Astronomy and Mathematics of the Greeks were a foreign importation never thoroughly acclimatised in Greek culture. The Greeks systematised, generalised and theorised; but the patient ways of investigation, the accumulation of positive knowledge, the minute methods of science, detailed and prolonged observation and experimental inquiry were altogether alien to Greek temperament... What we call science arose in Europe as the result of a new spirit of inquiry, of new methods of investigation, of the method of experiment, observation, measurement, of the development of Mathematics in a form unknown to the Greeks. That spirit and those methods were introduced into the European world by the Arabs… Neither Roger Bacon nor his later namesake has any title to be credited with having introduced the experimental method. Roger Bacon was no more than one of the apostles of Muslim science and method to Christian Europe; and he was never wearied of declaring that knowledge of Arabic and Arab Science was for his contemporaries the only way to true knowledge. Discussions as to who was the originator of the experimental method…are part of the colossal misrepresentation of the origins of European civilisation. The experimental method of the Arabs was by Bacon’s time widespread and eagerly cultivated throughout Europe … Science is the most momentous contribution of Arab civilisation to the modern world….. It was not science only which brought Europe back to life. Other and manifold influences from the civilisation of Islam communicated its first glow to European life. "(Making of Humanity, pp 190-202).H.G. Wells, another great Western authority, had to admit that: "Through the Arabs it was, and not by the Latin route, that the modern world received that gift of light and power (i.e., the Scientific Method)."
Because of its deep-rooted hostility to Islam, implanted during the Middle Ages, the West has been very slow in acknowledging the merits of Islam. Admissions and confessions have, however, been gradually coming forth grudgingly or ungrudgingly. Thus, as we have seen above, it has been admitted that the Muslims gave to the West the Scientific Method as well as the scientific inspiration. But the Muslims themselves received them from the Holy Qur’an. This fact has also been admitted at last. For instance, Stanislas Guyard observes: "In the seventh century of our era, the Old World was in agony. The Arabian conquest infused into it new blood … Hazrat Muhammad gave them (the Arabs) the Qur’an, which was the starting point of new culture. " (Encyclopedia des Sciences Religieuses, Tome IX,p. 501). Challenging the adversaries of Islam and referring to the Holy Qur’an, Dr. A Bertherand says: "Let them read and meditate on this great Book: they will find in it, at every passage, constant attack on idolatry and materialism; they will read that the Prophet incessantly called the attention and the mediation of his people to the splendid marvels, to the mysterious phenomena of creation… those who have followed its counsels have been, as we have described in the course of this study, the creators of a civilisation which is astounding to this day." (Contribution des Arabs auprogres des Sciences Medicales, p. 6).Emmanuel Deutsch oberves: "By the aid of the Qur’an the Arabs…came to Europe to hold up the light to humanity, they alone, while darkness lay around,…to teach philosophy, medicine, astronomy and the golden art of song to the West as to the East, to stand at the cradle of modern science, and to cause us late epigoni for ever to weep over the day when Granada fell."

(M) RELIGION OF THE SANCTITY OF LABOUR
In Islam, all honest labour is sacred and forms the life-blood of human progress. "For man is naught but what he strives for," says the Holy Qur’an, and "the labourer is the beloved of God," says the Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (God bless him!). Thus "idleness" is a sin and "industry" is a virtue in Islam.

(N) RELIGION OF THE HIGHEST IDEALISM IN ETHICS
Islam lays the foundation of ethics on "submission to the Divine will" and gives to humanity the ethical ideal of imitating the Divine Attributes, even as we have been exhorted by the Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (God bless him!) who says: "Imbue yourselves with Divine Attributes."
"The highest form of religious ethic," observes Sir Richard Gregory, "is that in which the aim of conduct is complete and implicit obedience to what is conceived to be the Will of God …(this obedience) may become a joyous and spontaneous acceptance of a mode of life, such as it is conceived would be consonant with the nature of God, subject to such limitations of the flesh as are ineradicable – the ideal of saintliness. Hence arises the desire for uprightness as end-in-itself; either with a view to reward, if not in this world, in the next, or pursued selflessly for its own sake. This concept of religious ethic has led to the highest idealism in human conduct." (Religion in Science and Civilization, p. 63).

(O) RELIGION OF PEACE AND GOODWILL
The world "Salam", which means "peace", has close root-affinity with the word "Islam". Thus the concept of PEACE forms an integral part of the world ISLAM itself. Indeed, this concept permeates the Islamic religion through and through. For, God, according to the Holy Qur’an, is As-Salam, i.e. (the Source of) peace"; a Muslim’s Salutation, which embodies the ideal of Muslim life, is As-Salam-o -alaikum, i.e., "Peace be unto you"; and the abode of the righteous, towards which the Holy Qur’an invites humanity, is Dar-us-Salam, i.e., "the Abode of Peace".One of the ideals of Muslim life, therefore, is the attainment of peace on all fronts --- peace with self through harmonious self-realisation, peace with fellow creatures through the maintenance of the basic attitude of Goodwill, and peace with God through submission to the Divine Will.

(P) RELIGION OF STRUGGLE (JIHAD)
The Islamic concept of Peace is not, however, utopian, For, Islam is a practical religion par excellence –a religion of Struggle (Jihad) --- and does not, therefore, prescribe any course of action which is unnatural or impracticable. Thus, for instance, in international relations, although basically committed to the promotion of Peace and Goodwill, Islam does allow the participation of Muslims in war when it becomes morally inevitable – when no other course remains open for safeguarding justice, nay, peace itself.The word "Jihad", which has been maligned much by the evil-minded misrepresenters of Islam in connection with the wars of Islamic history, means "struggle" and, according to Islam, it is of two kinds: (1) Struggle for subjugating one’s lower self to the higher self. This is the higher form of "Jihad" and its function is purely spiritual: (2) Struggle for defeating the forces of evil on the collective plane. This is the collective Jihad.The collective Jihad may, again, be either of a peaceful character, namely, propagation of Islam and its establishment in the collective life of the people through preaching and reform, or it may be in the form of war against an aggressor.
The Islamic permission of war is basically for defensive purposes. And not only does Islam rule out all immoral impulses to war but it also lays down a rigid ethics which in its sublimity and humanness surpasses all other ethics of war which humanity has ever known.
Says O. Houdas: " … The Qur’an states: ‘And fight for the cause of God against those who fight against you; but commit not the injustice of attacking them first; verily God loveth not the unjust’ – S.II 190…… Jihad had to be waged to defend Islam against aggression… Once the war was terminated, the Muslims always displayed a great tolerance towards the conquered peoples, leaving them their legislation and religious beliefs." (La Grande Encyclopaedia, Tome 20,p. 1006)."In their wars of conquest," says E. Alexander Powell, "the Muslims exhibited a degree of toleration which put many Christian nations to shame." (The Struggle for Power in Moslem Asia, p. 48).

(Q) RELIGION OF "NO COMPULSION IN CONVERSION"
As regards forcible proselytisation, it has been explicitly banned by Islam with the Qur’anic declaration: "there is no compulsion in matters of faith", and the propaganda that Muslims went out into the world with the sword in one hand and the Qur’an in the other to convert the non-Muslims forcibly is a pure fabrication. Indeed, it is so utterly unfounded that even an enemy of Islam like Rev. Dr. O’Leary had to admit:"History makes it clear that the legend of fanatical Muslims sweeping through the world and forcing Islam at the point of sword upon conquered races, is one of the most absurd myths that the historians have ever repeated". (Islam at the Croos-Roads, page 8).

(R) RELIGION OF BROTHERHOOD
Islam inculcates the love of God’s creation in general and of the human family, in particular. "The best of you is he who is best to God’s family (i.e., humanity)," says the Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (God bless him!) Islam regards humanity as ‘one Fraternity inside which it affirms the existence of the "Islamic Brotherhood", wherein all distinctions of caste and tribe, race and colour, language and territory are superseded and obliterated, and which has been allotted the function of acting as the servant of, and the torch-bearer of Divine Guidance for, the larger Human Brotherhood.Side by side with the code of conduct meant to be observed within the circle of Islamic Brotherhood Islam also gives a definite code of Human Love which relates to the dealings of Muslims with the larger human society.
"The brotherhood of Muhammadanism," says Dr. Leither, "is no mere word. All believers are equal and their own high-priest." (Muhammadanism. P.18).
The Dutch Orientalist Snouck Hurgronje observes: "The ideal of a League of Human Races has been approached by Islam more nearly than by any other ideology; for the League of nations founded on Hazrat Muhammad’s religion takes the principle of the equality of all human race so seriously as to put other communities to shame." (Muslim World Today).

(S) RELIGION OF SPIRITUAL DEMOCRAY
In the sphere of worship, Islam stands for the establishment of direct relation between God and human being without the mediation of any priest. Every Muslim man and woman is, therefore, his or her own priest or priestess.
It is wrong to regard the scholars (Ulama) or the leaders (Imams) of congregational prayers in the mosques as priests. Any good Muslim who knows Islam can lead the prayers, while the ‘Ulama’ are simply scholars and experts of Islamic knowledge and merely fulfil a responsibility which rests on the shoulders of the entire Islamic Brotherhood. For, Islam wants every Muslim man and woman to be a scholar of its teachings, unlike, for instance, Hinduism, where those belonging to the caste of Brahmins alone possess this privilege.Rev.W.Wilson Cash, the famous Christian missionary and hostile critic of Islam, had to confess: "Islam endowed its people with a dignity peculiarly its own… Direct access to God makes one of the strong appeals of Islam" (The Expansion of Islam p. 177).

(T) RELIGION OF HUMAN DIGNITY
Problem of Slavery
By emphasizing freedom as the birthright of all human beings, by proclaiming human equality without distinctions of caste, colour or clime, by denying the sin-innate theory and all other theories of the evil origin of mankind by affirming that the progeny of Adam is the noblest creation of God, by raising humanity to the status of the Vicegerency of God on earth, by making imitation of the Divine Attributes the ethical ideal of mankind, and by pointing out the conquest of the universe as the human destiny, Islam has established human dignity on the loftiest pinnacle conceivable.
Humanity was suffering in various ways because of the wrong notions held by pre-Islamic cultures and religions about human dignity, when Islam appeared. Cruelty was being perpetrated in the name of caste, tribe and race, large masses of humanity had been reduced to the status of serfs, and slavery, which had been an age-old institution, was being practiced by various races and peoples of Europe and Asia, including the Arabs, with the sanction of such scriptures as the Bible and without the least moral compunction. Islam raised its masculine voice of protest against all those evils and gave to the world a philosophy and a legislation which has made it the saviour of the downtrodden and the oppressed for all time.
Among the many misconceptions spread about Islam by its enemies, one is that which relates to slavery. For a proper appreciation of the role of Islam in the abolition of slavery, the reader is referred to the present writer’s "Islam and Slavery." Here, in this brief brochure, we might confine ourselves to the brief statement of a fair-minded non-Muslim scholar of the last century, who said: "His (i.e., Hazrat Muhammad’s) law of slavery is, ‘If slaves come to you, you shall’ --- not imprison and then sell by public sale, though no claimant appears, as in the nineteenth century is the law of Christian England in her provinces, but, --- ‘redeem them, and it is forbidden to you to send them forth’ (Qur’an II, p.85). And this was a man standing up in the wilds of Arabia in the seventh century." (Westminster Review no. IX, p. 221).Even the hostile and biased Dutch critic of Islam, Prof. Snouck Hurgronje, had to say: "According to the Muhammadan principle, slavery is an institution destined to disappear."

(U) RELIGION OF RATIONAL SEX MORALITY
Problem of polygamy
The Islamic view of the fundamental equality of sexes has been already stated in the section on "Religion of Unity" and an impartial historical appreciation of the problem proves beyond all doubt that it was "Islam which removed the bondage in which women were held from the very dawn of human history and gave them a social standing and legal rights such as were not granted them in England till many centuries later." (Lady Evelyn Cobbold, in "Pilgrimage to Mecca"). But the widespread propaganda of the enemies of Islam in connection with polygamy necessitates a specific statement in that connection.
In the first instance, polygamy was not invented by Islam, nor was it made in any way obligatory. It had existed in pre-Islamic societies since time immemorial with the sanction of religion and had been practiced even by those who were accepted as holy personages as for instance, we find in the Old Testament. There it was governed by no law whatsoever, and so also it was in the Arabian society at the advent of Islam. What Islam did was to regulate it and to subject it to such severe restrictions as to make it prohibitive except in cases of emergency. Indeed, monogamy has been the ideal and polygamy only an exception in Muslim Society. This fact is fully borne out by the present as well as the past history of the Muslims and has been admitted by all fair-minded critics of Islam. For instance, William Kelly Wright says: "Most Mohammedans in all ages have had only one wife." (Philosophy of Religion, New York, 1935).
Islam is a natural religion and it takes a very serious view of sexual vices and social ills. Consequently, it was very natural for Islam to permit limited and restricted polygamy for the maintenance of social health in all those situations where it is the only natural remedy. For instance, when war alters the natural sex ratio, giving to women preponderance over men, there are only two alternatives, namely, widespread prostitution or polygamy. Islam prefers the latter to the former in the interests of moral health and social wellbeing of womanhood. Similarly, if the first wife is sterile or suffers from any incurable disease, there are only two possible alternatives, namely, either the first wife should be divorced and a fresh wife taken or she may continue in her status undisturbed along with a second wife. The former course would mean distressing, spinsterhood for the first wife while the latter course would provide to her an honourable normal life without temptation to evil. Polygamy can also become a necessity in a medically incurable case of the hypersexed male who, in most cases, would look to more than one woman for the satisfaction of his biological need. In all such cases, the Islamic permission of polygamy with all its responsibilities and restrictions would be a definitely healthier course than the hypocritical adherence to the formal monogamy.
Polyandry (i.e., the marriage of one woman with several husbands) is not permitted in Islam because psychologically it is unsound, sociologically it is impracticable and biologically it is most dangerous for the physical health of the persons concerned. Certain primitive tribes who practice polyandry are infected with the plague of venereal diseases.
Speaking on polygamy, Dr. Annie Besant says: "There is pretended monogamy in the West, but there is really polygamy without responsibility; the ‘mistress’ is cast off when the man is weary of her and sinks gradually to be the ‘woman of the street’, for the first lover has no responsibility for her future, and she is a hundred times worse off than the sheltered wife and mother in the polygamous home. When we see thousands of miserable women who crowed the streets of Western towns during the night, we must surely feel that it does not lie in western mouth to reproach Islam for polygamy. It is better for a woman, happier for a woman, more respectable for a woman, to live in polygamy, united to one man only, with the legitimate child in her arms, and surrounded with respect, than to be seduced, cast out into the streets, perhaps with an illegitimate child outside the pale of law, unsheltered and uncared for, to become the victim of any passer-by, night after night, rendered incapable of motherhood, despised of all."Another critic of Western social order observes: "The law of the state, based upon the dogma of the Church, which makes it a criminal offence for a man to marry more than one wife, by that same provision makes it illegal for millions of women to have husbands or to bear children…It is untrue that monogamy was advocated by Jesus Christ… whether the question is considered socially, ethically or religiously, it can be demonstrated that polygamy is not contrary to the highest standards of civilization. The suggestion offers a practical remedy for the western problem of the destitute and unwanted female: the alternative is continued and increased prostitution, concubinage and distressing spinsterhood" (J.E. Clare Mc.Farlane: Case for Polygamy).

(V) RELIGION OF SALVATION IN THIS LIFE AND THE HEREAFTER
It is the distinctive merit of Islam that it does not concern itself merely with Salvation beyond the grave—salvation in the Hereafter, but also gives full consideration to --- in fact, ensures --- human salvation in this life. For that purpose, it provides comprehensive Guidance which guarantees moral perfection, social progress, economic justice and political health – in short, all that is needed for the practical realisation and attainment of true human happiness in earthly life and all-round harmonious evolution of humanity.Laura Veccia Vaglieri says: "A religion which is not content with being a theory adapted to the aspirations of our human nature, nor with fixing a code of sublime precepts which may or may not be applied, but which also provides a code of life, establishes the fundamental principles of our morality on a systematic and positive base, precisely formulates the duties of man towards himself and towards others by means of rules which are capable of evolution and compatible with the widest intellectual develo-pment, and which gives its laws a Divine sanction, surely deserves our most profound admiration, as its influence is continual and salutary on man." (Apologie de L’ Islamisme, p. 88).

(W) RELIGION WITH AUTHENTIC AND PERFECT DIVINE SCRIPTURE
There are three fundamental merits of the Holy Qur’an, the Scripture of Islam, in which it stands unique among the scriptures of the world. They are: (1) authenticity of its text: (2) perfection of its literary form; (3) rational character, comprehensiveness and profoundness of its guidance. Even a brief discussion of these merits is not possible in the present introductory sketch. They are, however, so well-established that even the non-Muslim western scholars, who are always ready to attack Islam on the slightest pretext had to admit them in forceful words.Commenting on the beauty of form of the Holy Qur’an Paul Casanova remarks: "Whenever Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H.) was asked a miracle as a proof of the authenticity of his mission, he quoted the composition of the Qur’an and its incomparable excellence as a proof of its Divine origin. And, in fact, even for those who are non-Muslims nothing is more marvelous than its language with such a prehensile plenitude and a grasping sonority that its simple audition ravished with admiration those primitive peoples so fond of eloquence! The ampleness of its syllables with a grandiose cadence and with a remarkable large rhythm have been of much moment in the conversion of the most hostile and the most sceptic." (L’ Enseignement de I’Arabe au College de France, Lecon d’ouverture, April 26, 1909).As regards perfection in matter of guidance and the authenticity of its text, Laura Veccia Vaglieri observes: "But besides the perfection of form and method, the Book is also revealed inimitable by its very substance, for, we read in it, among other things, previsions or future events and of relations of fact accomplished since many centuries or which are generally ignored, and allusions to the most different sciences, religious or profane. On the whole we find in it a collection of wisdom which can be adopted by the most intelligent of men, the greatest of philosophers and the most skillful politicians….. But there is another proof of the Divinity of the Qur’an: it is the fact that it has been preserved intact through the ages since the time of its Revelation till the present day. And so it will always remain, with God’s Will, as long as the universe exists. Read and re-read through out the Muslim world, this book does not rouse in the Faithful any weariness; it rather, through repetition, is found feeling of awe and respect in the one who reads it or listens to it." (Apologie de L’Islamisme, pp.57-59).

(X) RELIGION WITH THE SIMPLEST CREED
The Islamic creed is as simple as the Islamic ideology is profound. Its first fundaments are:
(1) SEVEN ARTICLES OF FAITH
They are: Belief in:
Allah;
Angles;
Divine Scriptures;
Messengers of Allah;
the Hereafter;
the pre-measurement of Good and Evil;
Resurrection after death.

(2) THE "FIVE PILLARS"
They are:
Declaration of faith in the One-ness of God and in the Divine Messengership of Hazrat Muhammad: (Peace be upon him) La ilaha Illallah Muhammadur-Rasulullah;
Obligatory Prayers;
Obligatory Fasts;
Zakat or Poor-tax;
Pilgrimage to Ka’aba at Meccaa by those who possess the means.A Christian critic of Islam makes the following confession: "Islam had the power of peacefully conquering the souls by the simplicity of its theology, the clearness of its dogma and principles, and the definite number of practices which it demands. In contrast to Christianity which has been undergoing continuous transformation since its origin, Islam has remained identical with itself" (Jean Lheureux: Etude sur L’Islamisme, p. 35).For an appreciation of the Seven Articles and the Five Pillars, the reader is referred to "The Principles of Islam" written by His Eminence Muhammad Abdul Aleem Siddiqi and published in the present series. Here it may be noted, however, that these Seven Articles and Five Pillars constitute only the "first fundaments", while the complete ideology of Islam, which shoots off from these fundaments and which is enshrined in the Holy Qur’an and the Prophetic Traditions, is so comprehensive as to cover the entire sweep of necessary guidance on physical, moral, social and spiritual aspects of human life.

(Y) Hazrat Muhammad (peace be upon him) THE PINNACLE OF HUMAN PERFECTION
A code alone cannot, by its existence as such, inspire mankind to action. Hence to love the Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (Allah bless him!) above all human being and things of the world, to believe in him as the Most Perfect Embodiment of Human Perfection and as the Absolute Leader and the Last and the Final Prophet (after whom no new prophet of any category, zilli, buruzi, tashri’ee, ghairtashri’ee --- shadowy or real --- is to come), and to follow him as the "Best Example", form the prerequisite of Islamic Belief.This is the theological status of the Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (peace be with him) in Islam. As regards his refulgent personality, that would require volumes even to do bare justice to it.
It is said that the best testimony is that which comes from the enemy’s camp. Here, therefore, we might quote a few statements of the Western scholars of Islam.Hazrat Muhammad’s (peace be with him) figure was highly majestic, his complexion and features were extremely handsome, and "he was gifted", says the renowned Orientalist Lane Poole, "with mighty powers of imagination, elevation of mind, delicacy and refinement of feeling. ‘He is more modest than a virgin behind her curtain", it was said of him. He was most indulgent to his inferiors, and would never allow his awkward little page to be scolded whatever he did. ‘Ten years,’ said Anas, his servant, ‘was I about the Prophet and he never said as much as Uff to me.’ He was very affectionate towards his family. One of his boys died on his breast in the smoky house of the nurse, a blacksmith’s wife. He was very fond of children; he would stop them in the streets and pat their little heads. He never struck anyone in his life. The worst expression he ever made use of in conversation was, ‘what has come to him? May his forehead be darkened with mud!’ When asked to curse someone, he replied, ‘I have not been sent to curse but to be a mercy to mankind.’ He visited the sick, followed any bier he met, accepted the invitation of a slave to dinner, mended his own clothes, milked the goats, and waited upon himself, relates summarily another tradition. He never first withdrew his hand out of another man’s palm, and turned not before the other had turned.‘He was the most faithful protector of those he protected, ‘the sweetest and most agreeable in conversation. Those who saw him were suddenly filled with reverence; those who came near him loved him; they who described him would say, ‘I have never seen his like either before or after.’ ‘He was of great taciturnity, but when he spoke it was with emphasis and deliberation and no one could forget what he said."He lived with his views in a row of humble cottages separated from one another by palm branches cemented together with mud. He would kindle the fire, sweep the floor, and milk the goats himself. The little food he had was always shared with those who dropped in to partake of it. Indeed, outside the Prophet’s house was a bench or a gallery on which were always found a number of poor who lived entirely upon his generosity, and were hence called ‘people of the bench’. His ordinary food was dates and water, or barley bread; milk and honey were luxuries of which he was fond but which he rarely allowed himself. The fare of the desert seemed most congenial to him even when he was the sovereign of Arabia…"There is something so tender and womanly, and withal so heroic, about the man that one is in peril of finding the judgement unconsciously blinded by the feeling of reverence and well-nigh love that such a nature inspires. He who, standing alone, braved for years the hatred of his people, is the same who was never the first to withdraw his hand from another’s clasp; the beloved of children who never passed a group of little ones without a smile from his wonderful eyes and a kind word for them, sounding all the kinder in that sweet-toned voice. The frank friendship, the noble generosity, the dauntless courage and hope of the man, all tend to melt criticism into admiration."He was an enthusiast in that noblest sense when enthusiasm becomes the salt of the earth, the one thing that keeps men from rotting whilst they live. Enthusiasm is often used despitefully, because it is jointed to an unworthy cause or falls upon barren ground and bears no fruit. So was it not with Hazrat Muhammad (Peace be with him). He was an enthusiast when enthusiasm was the one thing needed to set the world aflame, and his enthusiasm was noble for a noble cause. He was one of those happy few who have attained the supreme joy of making one great truth their very lifespring. He was the Messenger of the one God, and never to his life’s end did he forget who he was or the message which was the marrow of his being. He brought his tidings with a dignity sprung from the consciousness of his high office together with a most sweet humility." (Speeches and Table-talk of the Prophet Hazrat Muhammad, Introduction’ XXVIII – XXX)."The essential sincerity of Hazrat Muhammad’s (Peace be with him) nature," says Professor Nathaniel Schmidt, "cannot be questioned; and historical criticism that blinks no fact, yields nothing to credulity, weighs every testimony, has no partisan interest, and seeks only the trust, must acknowledge his claim to belong to that order of Prophets who, whatever the nature of their psychical experience may have been, in diverse manners, have admonished, taught, uttered austere and sublime thoughts, laid down principles of nobler than they found, and devoted themselves fearlessly to their high calling, being irresistibly impelled to their ministry be a power within." (The New International Encyclopaedia. Vol. XVI, p. 72).Speaking of the glorious success which attended the Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad’s (Peace be with him) mission, Caryle observes: "To the Arab nation Islam was a birth from darkness into light; Arabia first became alive by means of it. A poor, shepherd people, roaming unnoticed in its deserts since the creation of the world; a Hero-Prophet was sent down to them with a word they could believe: see the unnoticed becomes world-notable, the small has grown worldgreat. Within one century afterward Arabia is at Granada on this hand, at Delhi on that, glancing in valuour and splendour and the light of genius, Arabia shines through long ages over a great section of the world. These Arabs, the man Hazrat Muhammad, (Peace be with him) and that one century --- is it not as if a spark had fallen, one spark on what seemed black, unnoticeable sand? But lo ! the sand proves explosive powder, blazes heaven-high from Delhi to Granada!" (Heroes and Hero-Worship: Chappter on "Hero as Prophet").O. Houdas, the French scholar, said half a century ago about the inner vitality of the Holy Prophet’s Message: "Never has a religion developed with parallel rapidity. In less than half a century Islam spread from the banks of the Indus to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean, and, if this movement slowed down, it still persists after fourteen centuries of existence. After having penetrated in India, in China and Malaysia, Islam continues its invading march in the African Continent which will before long become entirely Muslim. Without special missionaries and without resort to the force of arms, the religion of Hazrat Muhammad (Peace be with him) has converted the Black Continent, and it is not without some astonishment to point out the existence in England and America of small white communities which….. have adopted the Islamic doctrines and made efforts to propagate them. This invasion of Europe, hardly visible today, will surely grow." (La Grande Encyclopaedie, Tome 20, article: Islamisme).

(Z) ABSORPTION IN THE LOVE OF GOD THE FINAL GOAL
Cultivation of and absorption in the love of Allah, and the permeation of the heart with the sweet ecstasy of that love, until a person becomes virtually incapable of acting against the Divine Commands, is the final goal, which bestows upon a Muslim "Abiding Life"  a life of Peace, Progress and Perfection.

Collection by M.Ajmal Khan.