Civil engineering is the broadest of the engineering fields. Civil engineering focuses on the infrastructure of the world which include Water works, Sewers, Dams, Power Plants, Transmission Towers/Lines, Railroads, Highways, Bridges, Tunnels, Irrigation Canals, River Navigation, Shipping Canals, Traffic Control, Mass Transit, Airport Runways, Terminals, Industrial Plant Buildings, Skyscrapers, etc. Among the important subdivisions of the field are construction engineering, irrigation engineering, transportation engineering, soils and foundation engineering, geodetic engineering, hydraulic engineering, and coastal and ocean engineering.
Civil engineers build the world’s infrastructure. In doing so, they quietly shape the history of nations around the world. Most people can not imagine life without the many contributions of civil engineers to the public’s health, safety and standard of living. Only by exploring civil engineering’s influence
in shaping the world we know today, can we creatively envision the progress of our tomorrows.
PART-A
1,What are the chemical analysis for soil?
A, i Water soluble
chloride (PPM) , ii Water soluble chloride (PPM)
2, What are the sieve analysis &
Plasticity index for soil?
A I Liquid Limit(LL),
ii Plastic Limit(PL), iii Plasticity index (PI), iv Natural Moisture Content.
3,What is the soil relationship between Moisture and
density?
A I, Max density g/cc, ii Optimum Moisture content % , iii Optimum
Moisture content %
4, What is the size of sieve Clay Lumps & Friable particles
in aggregate.
5, What is the standard size of plywood using in
construction field?
A 18MM.
6, What is the Cement mortar Grade ration 1:5 Means
A:GRADE = CEMENT : SAND : aggregate
M5 = 1 :5 :10
M7.5 = 1 :4 :8
M10 =1 :3 :6
M15 =1 :2 :4
M20 =1 :1.5 :3
M25 =1 :1 :2
7, What is the Concrete Grade ration 1:2:4 Means
8, How many types of foundation?
9, Briefly Explain
for Field Joints (Control, Contraction
& Expansion).
10, Explain about types of Paving and uses..
A i Concrete Paving,
ii aggregate paving, iii Asphalt Paving.
11, Explain about type of Slabs ( one way, two way, Continues)
12, Why Side grip piling on underground deep excavation?
13, What is dewatering system? How it is used in civil field?
14, What are steps to make a Asphalt paving?
15,Explain Field Density Test & Dry Film Test in
construction field.
16, Why fire rated Opening (sleeves, Box outs ) and provided
for services?
17, Explain Excavation, Disposal, Backfilling, for underground works?
18, Explain water
proof layers on Roof slab?
19, Why we need PCC ?
A. PCC plain concrete cement is normally used for lind concrete
20,What are the steps
involved in the concreting process, explain?
The major steps involved in the process of
concreting are as follows:
1. Batching
2. Mixing
3. Transporting and placing of concrete
4. Compacting.
> Batching: The process of measurement of the different materials for the
making of concrete is known as batching. batching is usually done in two ways:
volume batching and weight batching. In case of volume batching the measurement
is done in the form of volume whereas in the case of weight batching it is done
by the weight.
> Mixing: In order to create good concrete the mixing of the materials
should be first done in dry condition and after it wet condition. The two
general methods of mixing are: hand mixing and machine mixing.
> Transportation and placing of concrete: Once the concrete mixture is
created it must be transported to its final location. The concrete is placed on
form works and should always be dropped on its final location as closely as
possible.
> Compaction of concrete: When concrete is placed it can have air bubbles
entrapped in it which can lead to the reduction of the strength by 30%. In
order to reduce the air bubbles the process of compaction is performed.
Compaction is generally performed in two ways: by hand or by the use of
vibrators.
21,Describe briefly the
various methods of concrete curing.
Curing is the process of maintaining the
moisture and temperature conditions for freshly deployed concrete. This is done
for small duration of time to allow the hardening of concrete. The methods that
are involved in saving the shrinkage of the concrete includes:
(a) Spraying of water: on walls, and columns can be cured by sprinkling water.
(b) Wet covering of surface: can be cured by using the surface with wet gunny
bags or straw
(c) Ponding: the horizontal surfaces including the slab and floors can be cured
by stagnating the water.
(d) Steam curing: of pre-fabricated concrete units steam can be cured by
passing it over the units that are under closed chambers. It allows faster
curing process and results in faster recovery.
(e) Application of curing compounds: compounds having calcium chloride can be
applied on curing surface. This keeps the surface wet for a very long time.
22,What do you understand
by “preset” during the installation process of bridge bearings?
During the installation of bridge bearings the
size of the upper plates is reduced to save the material costs. This process is
known as preset. Generally the upper bearing plate comprises of the following
components:
> Length of bearing
> 2 x irreversible movement.
> 2 x reversible movement.
The bearing initially is placed right in the middle point of the upper bearing
plate. No directional effects of irreversible movement is considered. But since
the irreversible movement usually takes place in one direction only the
displaced direction is placed away from the midpoint. In such cases the length
of the upper plate is equal to the length of the length of the bearing +
irreversible movement + 2 x reversible movement.
23,Why are steel plates
inserted inside bearings in elastomeric bearings?
In order to make a elastomeric bearing act/
function as a soft spring it should be made to allow it to bulge laterally and
also the stiffness compression can be increased by simply increasing the
limiting amount of the lateral bulging. In many cases in order to increase the
compression stiffness of the bearing the usage of metal plates is made. Once
steel plates are included in the bearings the freedom of the bulge is restricted
dramatically, also the deflection of the bearing is reduced as compared to a
bearing without the presence of steel plates. The tensile stresses of the
bearings are induced into the steel plates. But the presence of the metal
plates does not affect the shear stiffness of the bearings.
24,What reinforcements
are used in the process of prestressing?
The major types of reinforcements used in
prestressing are:
> Spalling Reinforcement: The spalling stresses leads to stress behind the
loaded area of the anchor blocks. This results in the breaking off of the
surface concrete. The most likely causes of such types of stresses are
Poisson`s effects strain interoperability or by the stress trajectory shapes.
> Equilibrium reinforcements: This type of reinforcements are required where
several anchorages exist where the prestressing loads are applied in a
sequential manner.
> Bursting Reinforcements: These kinds of stresses occur in cases where the
stress trajectories are concave towards the line of action of load. In order to
reduce such stresses reinforcements in the form of bursting is required.
25,How to close the Tie rod penetratin? What material shall be provide? why it provided ?
PART-B
1,What is the acceptable percentage of slump in Mix concrete?
2,How did find the quantity of cement ,sand ,and aggregate in concre at
3,What is the relation between seventh day strength & twenty eighth day strength of cement concrete ?
4,Can you clarify whether the relation gets altered due to various WATER-CEMENTratios and type of cements?
5,what is the use of beam end forces while using a staad?
6. In
the design of bridge arguments what considerations should be made to select the
orientation of the wing walls?
Some of
the most common arrangements of wing walls in cases of bridge arguments are as
follows:
> Wing walls parallel to abutments: This method is considered to take least
amount of time to build and is simple as well. But on the downside this method
is not the most economical. The advantage of this type of design being that
they cause the least amount of disturbance to the slope embankment.
> Wing walls at an angle to abutments: This design method is considered to
be the most economical in terms of material cost.
> Wing walls perpendicular to abutments: The characteristic of this design
is it provides an alignment continuous with the bridge decks lending a support
to the parapets.
7. In case if concrete box girder bridges how is the number
of cells determined?
When the
depth of a box girder bridge exceed 1/6th or 1/5th of the bridge width then the
design recommended is that of a single cell box girder bridge. But in case the
depth of the bridge is lower than 1/6th of the bridge width then a twin-cell or
in some cases multiple cell is the preferred choice. One should also note that
even in the cases of wider bridges where there depths are comparatively low the
number of cells should be minimized. This is so as there is noticeably not much
improvement in the transverse load distribution when the number of cells of the
box girder is higher than three or more.
8. Under what circumstances should pot bearings be used
instead of elastomeric bearings?
Pot
bearings are preferred over elastomeric bearings in situations where there are
chances of high vertical loads in combinations of very large angle of
rotations. Elastomeric bearings always require a large bearing surface so that
a compression is maintained between the contact surfaces in between the piers
and the bearings. This is not possible to maintained in high load and rotation
environment. Also the usage of elastomeric bearings leads to the uneven
distribution of stress on the piers. This results in some highly induced
stresses to be targeted at the piers henceforth damaging them. Due to the above
reasons pot bearings are preferred over elastomeric bearings in such cases.
9. Why should pumping be not used in case of concreting
works?
During the
pumping operation the pump exerted pressure must overcome any friction between
the pumping pipes and the concrete, also the weight of the concrete and the
pressure head when the concrete is placed above the pumps. Since only water is
pump able, all the pressure generated is by the water that is present in the
concrete. The major problem due to pumping are segregation effects and
bleeding. In order to rectify and reduce these effects, generally the
proportion of the cement is increased in order to increase the cohesion , which
leads to the reduction of segregation and bleeding. Also if a proper selection
of the aggregate grading can vastly improve the concrete pump ability.
10. Why should curing not be done by ponding and polythene
sheets?
The
primary purpose of curing is to reduce the heat loss of concrete that is
freshly placed to the atmosphere and in order to reduce the temperature
gradient across the cross-section of the concrete. Ponding is not preferred for
curing as this method of thermal curing is greatly affected by cold winds. In
addition to that in ponding large amounts of water is used and has to be
disposed off from the construction sites. Polythene sheets are used on the
basis that it creates an airtight environment around the concrete surface
henceforth reducing the chances of evaporation over fresh concrete surfaces.
But the usage of polythene can be a drawback as it can be easily blown away by
winds and also the water lost by self-desiccation cannot be replenished.
11.
What are the different type of slump test indications?
Slump
tests are performed to empirically measure the workability of fresh concrete.
It is used to measure the consistency of the concrete. In general there are
three different types of slumps that occur in slump tests. They are as follows:
> True Slump
> Shear Slump
> Collapse Slump
True Slump: This type of slump is characterized by the general drop of the
concrete mass evenly without visible signs of deterioration or disintegration.
Shear Slump: It indicates that the concrete mix is deficient in cohesion. This
type of slump leads to segregation and bleeding. Henceforth in the long run
effecting the durability of the concrete.
Collapse Slump: This type of slump is indicates that the mix of concrete is
simply too wet. The mix is considered to be harsh and lean.
12. Why is propping required for long structures once the
formwork is removed?
Once the
process of concreting is performed the striking of the formworks should be done
as soon as possible as delay in this process can lead to the discoloration of
the concrete structures. In case of long structures particularly long span
structures once the structures have attained enough strength to support
themselves it is essential to provide them with propping as creep deflection
can take place which can greatly reduce the integrity of the structure. Due to
the above mentioned reasons propping should be done after the removal of
formwork. Also the props should not be made to stand long as it can lead to
overstress for the structures.
13. Explain the mechanism of cavitations in pipes and
drains?
The
formation of air bubbles in a fluid due to low pressure conditions lower than
the saturation pressure is known as cavitations. This is considered to be a
high potential damage condition where the strength and durability of the pipes
can be greatly reduced. Cavitation works on the principle of Bernoulli's
Equation. When fluids are at high velocities the pressure head of fluids reduce
accordingly. But since the fluid pressure is lower than the saturation pressure
the dissolved gases get released from the flowing fluid. These air bubbles
suddenly collapse on entering a region of high pressure. This leads to the
damage of the pipelines as a high level of dynamic pressure is created.
14. For what purpose bedding is used under storm water
drains, explain?
Beddings
are primarily made up of granular or concrete materials. They are primarily
used for the following purposes:
> They are used to provide a more uniform support for the under pipes so
that the bending moment longitudinally can be reduced greatly.
> In order to enable the pipes to get more load-supporting strength.
> They are also used to act as a platform to achieve a more correct
alignment and level pre and post construction.
> In case of pipes which contain spigot and socket joints, it enables pipes
to get supported along pipe lengths in place of sockets. Otherwise it can lead
to uneven stress being induced on the pipes eventually damaging it.
15. Why are pull-out tests performed for soil nails?
Pull out
tests are performed for primarily the following reasons:
> In order to detect and the verification of the bond strength among the
soil and the grout adopted during the design of soil nails. This is considered
to be as the primary objective of performing pull out tests for soil nails.
> For the detection of any slippage or occurrence of creeps.
> To detect the elastic and deformations (plastic) of any of the test nails
employed. Observations are made during the loading and unloading cycles of the
soil nails repetitively.
> To achieve the perfect balance the test nails should always be loaded so
that the ultimate soil/grout mixture with an upper limit of 80%.
16. Describe briefly the advantages and disadvantages of
using plastic and timber fenders?
The
advantages and disadvantages of using plastic fenders are as follows:
Plastic fenders are low in strength with a relatively high resistance to
abrasion. Plastic fenders are resistant to chemical and biological attacks.
Plastic fenders have moderate energy absorption capacity. The berthing
reactions are also comparatively moderate and depends on the point of contact.
Also since they are made from recycled material they are environmental
friendly.
The advantages and disadvantages of using timber fenders are:
timber fenders are low in strength and are very susceptible to marine borer
attacks and rotting. The energy absorption capacity is very low. Also generally
the contact pressure between the vessels and the fender are high.
17.
Explain why concrete barriers have curved surface profiles?
The
concrete safety fencings are made to contain vehicles in their carriageway
being travelled so as to reduce the chances of rebounding into the roads
leading to more hazards. In the case of normal fencings upon vehicle crashes
the fencings give away so as to absorb as much energy as possible henceforth
reducing the impact on the vehicles. But in the case of concrete barriers their
purpose is not to absorb energy of vehicles crashing into the barrier but to
retain them. They have a curved design so as to allow the vehicles that hit
them to slightly go up on the barrier but not overturn. They also prevent the
vehicle from again getting back on the road by rebounds. This helps in vastly
reducing the chances of other vehicle hazards.
18. Why is the use of granular sub-base in concrete
carriageways not preferred, explain?
Some of
the reasons why granular sub-base is not preferred in concrete carriageways:
> Sub bases are permeable and hence water can seep through them easily. The
soil particles get pumped out through the joints on the application of traffic
loads. This results in the creation of voids underneath the pavement structure.
This leads to the weakening of the concrete surface and it can crack easily
upon intense traffic loads.
> Instead if lean concrete is used for carriageways it greatly increases the
strength of the roads and the load carrying capacity of the roads is increased.
> Sub-bases implementation requires a lot of workmanship which can lead to
an un-uniform distribution of the sub-base. This can lead to the cracking of
the carriageway when there is severe traffic loading.
19. Why are separation membranes used between concrete
pavement slab and sub-base?
The
purpose of separation membrane between the concrete pavement slab and the
sub-base are as follows:
> The separation membrane reduces the frictional forces between the concrete
slabs and the sub-base. The membrane aids the movement of the concrete slab in
reference to the sub-base when changes in the level of the moisture and
temperature occurs.
> It aids in the segregation of sub-base materials from freshly placed
concrete.
> The separation membrane also helps in the reduction of cement and water
loss in the form of immature concrete. Immature concrete greatly affects the
strength of the concrete. It also affects the durability of it.
A good example of a separation membranes is polythene sheeting which is
commonly used.
20. In the roof of a pumping station explain briefly the
components of a waterproofing system.
The
components of a typical waterproofing system on the roof of a pumping station
are as follows:
> Right above the structural finish level of the roof ( concrete ) a uniform
thickness screed is applied so as to facilitate the application of the
waterproofing membrane. The surface provide for the membrane should always
possess good cohesion properties and must be thin so as to prevent any
un-uniformity. This thin layer also acts as a layer of thermal insulation.
> Right above this layer the waterproofing membrane is deployed to secure
the water tightness of the roof.
> In order to enhance the thermal insulation of the roof an insulation board
is sometime placed right above the waterproof membrane. The insulation board
helps in the maintenance of a stable temperature in both weathers.
21. During reclamation how can the occurrence of mud waves
can be rectified?
There are
several solution to the rectification of the problem of mud waves:
> Complete removal of all the disturbed mud: This method can be considered
to be one of the fastest methods. As soon as the disturbed mud is removed some
filling material is used to replace the disturbed mud. But economically this
method can be expensive as compared to others.
> Accelerated consolidation of disturbed mud: In this method surcharging
loads are placed on top of the mud waves. Along with this band drains are
installed to accelerate the consolidation process. This method is quite slow
compared to the other methods.
> Partial removal of the disturbed mud: This method is the hybrid of the
above two methods where the top layer is removed whereas the lower level is
treated with the surcharging process.
22. In reclamation works what are the importance of
geotextiles and sand?
The
primary purposes of geotextiles and sand in reclamation works are as follows:
> Geotextiles: They are used to separate the marine mud from the reclamation
fill. Also geotextiles are used as reinforcements in reclamation processes to
increase its stability. It is still debated as to whether the usage of
geotextiles is better or are the old processes followed are better as the
performance has not been comparable to the conventional methods.
> Sand: In reclamation process sand is used to spread the load of any future
public dumps placed on top of it. Sand also acts as a drainage for the excess
pore water pressure of band drain installations.
23.
In block work seawalls what is the purpose of slip joints?
Joints
which are formed from the cope level to the toe level of seawalls through a
complete vertical plane are known as slip joints. Such joints are designed so
as to handle the differential settlements between the seawalls adjacent panels.
In the slip joints the aggregates inside the half-rounds channels enables some
vertical movements. These vertical movements are induced by differential
settlements. This enables in the interlocking of the adjacent panels of the
seawalls to link the panels in one unit against the earth pressure ( lateral )
which is exerted on the seawalls.
24. For a washout valve why are two gate valves required in
normal practice?
The washout
valves are primarily used for normal maintenance works such as that of water
main. This can be like to allow water to flow out during the cleaning of the
water main. The junctions at which a pipe branches out to a washout point
usually a gate valve is installed so that the two pipelines are separated. The
gate valve installed above usually remains open during normal operation.
Another gate valve is installed further downstream and this remains closed
during normal operation of the washout valve. In case this valve is not
installed then the pipe section of the branched out pipe would remain dry
during normal operation and high chances of damage and leakage can take place.
When the downstream valve is installed the branched out water main contains
water under normal operation. With two gate valves installed a leakage can be
detected immediately.
25. What are the different approaches in designing the
floors of the service reservoirs?
In general
there are two main approaches of designing the reservoir floors to prevent
leakage of water due to seasonal and shrinkage movements:
> In this approach the movement joints of the reservoir floor panels are
such that the free expansion and contraction of the panels takes place. Every
panel is isolated from the other panels and two panels have a sliding layer
between them to help in sliding.
> The second method does not provide any room for free movement. With
seasonal and shrinkage movements, some cracks are designed to voluntarily occur
on the floors of the service reservoirs. These tiny cracks are spread
throughout the floor and are simply too minute to cause any leakage or
corrosion of the floors. But the difference also in this method is that the
amount of reinforcement used is much more than the first approach.
PART-C
1.
How can you distinguish between sorption,
absorption and adsorption?
2.
What is modular elasticity?
3.
Discuss some applications of modular elasticity.
4.
What is difference between engineering stress and true stress?
5.
What are some structures that are subjected to fatigue?
6.
What is the tensile strength of wood?
7.
Explain soil analysis?
8.
What is soil enforcement?
9. How
can you achieve soil enforcement?
10.
What is a bearing capacity of soil?
11.
Why does the pressure increase under soil?
12.
How to increase a bearing capacity of soil?
13.
What you understand by building codes?
14.
Explain moment of inertia and its importance.
15.
Which is the best book for building construction?
16.
How do we determine the specific gravity of a cement?
17.
What are the causes of building collapse?
18.
Explain the latest method to detect a crack in a building?
19.
How do we test on design and style in a software?
20.
Explain different types of RCC pipes.
21.
Explain the design for RCC multi-storied building?
22.
What are the benefits of RCC pipes over steel designed pipes?
23.
Elaborate advantages & disadvantages of using crusher dust instead of sand
in RCC work.
24.
How can you produce desired alloys and discuss their applications in daily life.
25.
Can inverted beams used in pipes during construction? If yes, explain how it
can be implemented?
26.
What is rigging?
27.
What are the techniques to measure road difference?
28.
Explain major differences between routing maintenance and major maintenance.
29.
What you understand by Richter scale?
30.
How do we calculate the power of centrifugal pump?
31.
What is a tensile strength? What is the tensile strength of wood?
32.
Difference between pre-tensioning and post-tensioning.
33.
Explain the difference between shear and tensile strength.
34.
Why the statue of liberty is made of Copper?
35.
What is the difference between TOR steel and TMT steel?
36.
Which code is used for TOR & TMT steel bar?
37.
Explain major difference between auto level and dumpy level?
38.
What is the L/D ratio of cantilever beam?
39.
What is the ratio of steel and concrete to use in slabs , beams, columns ?
40.
What is pre-stressed concrete?
41.
What are the ingredients of pre-stressed concrete?
42.
What do you mean by honeycomb in concrete?
43.
Why is concrete cube test carried out?
44.
How do you calculate the power of centrifugal pump?
45.
What is aggregate?
46.
What is absolute pressure? How absolute pressure is calculated?
47.
What is the absolute pressure scale?
48.
What is gravity flow?
49.
What is a projection line?
50.
What is horizon or horizontal mining?
Prepared by M.Ajmal Khan.
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